![]() Vegetated landscapes in and around an urban area can reduce the urban heat island effect significantly ( Lee et al., 2014 Gago et al., 2013). Coniferous trees have the highest filtering capacity compared with deciduous trees due to their larger, total surface area of leaves, although an assortment of coniferous and deciduous trees is much better for reducing air pollution ( Hunhammar and Bolund, 1999). Forest types and their extent can reduce air pollution significantly by filtering harmful air pollutants. These “urban vegetated habitats,” in aggregate, provide a variety of ecosystem services that affect human well-being, for example, by reducing air pollution, minimizing the urban heat island effect, improving human quality of life, and increasing property values ( Hägerhäll et al., 2010). It also includes land cover such as golf course fairways and greens, grassy medians and shoulders along roads, lands under electrical transmission lines, and lawns ( Singh et al., 2012). Examples include remnant forest cover, street trees, parks, and riparian trees along creeks and lowlands ( Fig. 1). ![]() Urban forest is a collective term ( Johnston, 2015) that usually refers to common vegetated land surfaces in an urban area that are managed, often transitional, and play an important role in the functioning of ecosystem services.
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